Beautiful Soup¶
First steps¶
Beautiful Soup is a Python library for retrieving data from HTML (and other XML) files. We will explore its basic functionality using the UB Math Department web page with graduate student directory as an example:
https://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html
[1]:
# display the web page in the notebook
import IPython
url = "https://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html"
IPython.display.IFrame(url, width=720, height=600)
[1]:
Note: This is a live web page, and it is regularly updated. If you use the code below, your output may differ to some extent from the one shown here.
To start, we will use requests to get the HTML code of the page:
[3]:
import requests
grad_page = requests.get("http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html").text
print(grad_page[:1000])
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html lang="en" class="ubcms-65"><!-- cmspub03 0310-231422 --><head><link rel="preconnect" hre
f="https://www.googletagmanager.com/" crossorigin/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanage
r.com/"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://connect.facebook.net/"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https:
//www.google-analytics.com/"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta http-equiv="content
-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta id="meta-viewport" name="viewport" content="width=device-wid
th,initial-scale=1"/><script>if (screen.width > 720 && screen.width < 960) document.getElementById('meta-view
port').setAttribute('content','width=960');</script><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gt
m.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=
'dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.ins
ertBefore(j,f);})(w
Next, we import BeautifulSoup and pass to it the HTML code of the web page to produce a BeautifulSoup object:
[5]:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(grad_page)
One useful feature of this new object is that it can produce a nicer printout of the HTML code:
[6]:
print(soup.prettify())
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html class="ubcms-65" lang="en">
<!-- cmspub03 0310-231422 -->
<head>
<link crossorigin="" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/" rel="preconnect"/>
<link href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/" rel="dns-prefetch"/>
<link href="https://connect.facebook.net/" rel="dns-prefetch"/>
<link href="https://www.google-analytics.com/" rel="dns-prefetch"/>
<meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type"/>
<meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" id="meta-viewport" name="viewport"/>
<script>
if (screen.width > 720 && screen.width < 960) document.getElementById('meta-viewport').setAttribute('content','width=960');
</script>
<script>
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T5KRRKT');
</script>
<title>
Graduate Student Directory - Department of Mathematics - University at Buffalo
</title>
<link href="https://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html" rel="canonical"/>
<meta content="2022-03-01" name="date"/>
<meta content="Graduate Student Directory" property="og:title"/>
<meta content=" A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z " property="og:description"/>
<meta content="https://www.buffalo.edu/etc/designs/ubcms/clientlibs-main/images/ub-social.png.img.512.auto.png/1615975613913.png" property="og:image"/>
<meta content="University at Buffalo" property="og:image:alt"/>
<meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/>
<meta content="https://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory/_jcr_content/par/image.img.512.auto.jpg/1629919606956.jpg" property="thumbnail"/>
<meta content="1. " property="thumbnail:alt"/>
<link href="/v-5150cc622c68590719981526ed5c6b25/etc/designs/ubcms/clientlibs-privateauthor.min.5150cc622c68590719981526ed5c6b25.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
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<link href="/v-9cc4b89851550cf5e105d25db85ba3e9/etc/designs/cas/math/css/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
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body.page #page, body.page .page-inner {background-color:#FFFFFF}
</style>
<script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-67291618-1', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');
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img.lazyload,img.lazyloading{position:relative;background:#EEE}
img.lazyload:before,img.lazyloading:before{content:"";background:#EEE;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0}
</style>
</head>
<body class="contentpage page">
<noscript>
<iframe height="0" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T5KRRKT" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" width="0">
</iframe>
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</a>
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<a href="//www.buffalo.edu">
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</span>
<span class="logo">
<img alt="" class="black" height="20" src="/v-be9166b6b4a1ea7e5771e2eba1d410cf/etc.clientlibs/wci/components/block/header/clientlibs/resources/ub-logo-black.png" width="181"/>
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</a>
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Contact Us
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</b>
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<a href="/coronavirus/latest-update.html">
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UBCMS.list.listlimit('ubcms\u002Dgen\u002D33853657', '100',
'100');
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UBCMS.longTermAlert.init()
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</a>
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jQuery('.mobileheader-button-menu').removeAttr('style');
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if ($('.topnav .search .search-content').length > 0) {
$('.mobileheader-button-search').removeAttr('style');
}
});
UBCMS.rwd.mobileMenu.load('\/content\/cas\/math\/jcr:content.nav.html', 'https:\/\/www.buffalo.edu\/cas\/math\/people\/grad-directory.html');
</script>
</div>
<div class="topnav section">
<nav aria-label="site navigation" class="topnav-inner">
<div class="main">
<ul class="menu">
<li class="first theme-secondary theme-standard-gray">
<a aria-haspopup="true" href="/cas/math/about-us.html" id="ubcms-gen-33853660">
<span class="container">
About
</span>
</a>
<div aria-labelledby="ubcms-gen-33853660" class="topnav-submenu-container">
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<li class="first">
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</a>
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</a>
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</a>
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<ul class="submenu-children clearfix link-list">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="Our Alumni, Students, and Faculty:Our Alumni" href="/cas/math/about-us/our-alumni/our-alumni.html">
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</a>
</li>
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</a>
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</ul>
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</a>
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<a aria-label="About:Mathematicians of the African Diaspora" href="/cas/math/about-us/mathematicians-of-the-african-diaspora.html">
Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
</a>
</li>
<li>
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About the University
</a>
</li>
<li>
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About Buffalo-Niagara
</a>
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<li>
<a aria-label="About:Visiting UB" href="/cas/math/news-events/visiting.html">
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</a>
</li>
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<a aria-label="About:Contact Us" href="/cas/math/about-us/contact-us.html">
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</div>
</div>
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</span>
</a>
<div aria-labelledby="ubcms-gen-33853662" class="topnav-submenu-container">
<ul class="submenu clearfix">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="People:Faculty" href="/cas/math/people/faculty.html">
Faculty
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="People:Staff" href="/cas/math/people/staff_directory.html">
Staff
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="People:Emeriti Faculty" href="/cas/math/people/emeriti.html">
Emeriti Faculty
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="People:Instructors" href="/cas/math/people/instructors.html">
Instructors
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="People:Visiting Scholars" href="/cas/math/people/visiting-scholars.html">
Visiting Scholars
</a>
</li>
<li class="active-trail">
<a aria-label="People:Graduate Student Directory" class="active" href="/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html">
Graduate Student Directory
</a>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a aria-label="People:Alumni" href="/cas/math/people/alumni-friends.html">
Alumni
</a>
<div class="topnav-submenu-children-container list">
<ul class="submenu-children clearfix link-list">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="Alumni:Class of 2021" href="/cas/math/people/alumni-friends/class-of-2021.html">
Class of 2021
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Alumni:Class of 2020" href="/cas/math/people/alumni-friends/class-of-2020.html">
Class of 2020
</a>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a aria-label="Alumni:PhD Recipients, 2010 to Present" href="/cas/math/grad/PhD-recipients.html">
PhD Recipients, 2010 to Present
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="relatedLinks relatedlinksreference reference parbase">
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="theme-secondary theme-standard-gray">
<a aria-haspopup="true" href="/cas/math/research.html" id="ubcms-gen-33853664">
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</span>
</a>
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<ul class="submenu clearfix">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="Research:Algebra" href="/cas/math/research/algebra.html">
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</a>
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<a aria-label="Research:Undergraduate Research" href="/cas/math/ug/undergraduate-research.html">
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<ul class="submenu clearfix">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Undergraduate Programs" href="/cas/math/ug/undergraduate-programs.html">
Undergraduate Programs
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Undergraduate Research" href="/cas/math/ug/undergraduate-research.html">
Undergraduate Research
</a>
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<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Honors, Awards, and Scholarships" href="/cas/math/ug/honors--awards--and-scholarships.html">
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<li class="first">
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Sample Syllabi
</a>
</li>
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</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Directed Reading Program" href="https://sites.google.com/view/ubmathdrp/home">
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</ul>
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<li>
<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Mathematics Help Center" href="/cas/math/ug/help-center.html">
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<li class="first last">
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</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="last">
<a aria-label="Undergraduate:Association for Women in Mathematics" href="/cas/math/about-us/memberships/AWM.html">
Association for Women in Mathematics
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</div>
</div>
</li>
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<a aria-haspopup="true" href="/cas/math/grad.html" id="ubcms-gen-33853668">
<span class="container">
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</a>
<div aria-labelledby="ubcms-gen-33853668" class="topnav-submenu-container">
<ul class="submenu clearfix">
<li class="first">
<a aria-label="Graduate:Master's Program" href="/cas/math/grad/master-program.html">
Master's Program
</a>
</li>
<li>
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Doctoral Program (PhD)
</a>
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<li>
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Request Information
</a>
</li>
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Admissions
</a>
</li>
<li>
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Courses
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</li>
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Graduate Research
</a>
</li>
<li>
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Fellowships, Scholarships, Awards
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Graduate:PhD Recipients, 2010 to present" href="/cas/math/grad/PhD-recipients.html">
PhD Recipients, 2010 to present
</a>
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Mathematics Graduate Student Directory 2021-2022
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A
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Abeya Ranasinghe Mudiyanselage, Asela V.
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<br/>
Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823
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<b>
Ahn, Min Woong
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<br/>
Office: 126 Phone: 645-8816
<br/>
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<b>
Alegria, Linda
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<br/>
Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823
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lindaale@buffalo.edu
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Betz, Katherine
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Office: 132 Phone: 645-8820
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Bhaumik, Jnanajyoti
</b>
<br/>
Office: 129 Mathematics Building
<br/>
Phone: 645-8817
<br/>
Email:
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jnanajyo@buffalo.edu
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Cain Charles
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Casper, Michael
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Cosgrove, Gage (Makenzie)
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Hovland, Seth
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Hung, Tsz Fun
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<b>
Hutchings, Raymond
</b>
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Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
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</a>
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<b>
Huynh, Bao
<br/>
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Office: 131 Phone: 645-8819
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Jeong, Myeongjin
<br/>
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Office: 244
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<b>
Jones, Raymond
</b>
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Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
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Email:
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K
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Kilic, Bengier Ulgen
<br/>
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Office: 106 Phone: 645-8763
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bengieru@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
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<b>
Kim, Jiseong
<br/>
</b>
Office: 125 Phone: 645-8815
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:jiseongk@buffalo.edu">
jiseongk@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
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<b>
Kireyev, Dmitri
</b>
<br/>
Office: 129 Phone: 645-8817
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:dmitriki@buffalo.edu">
dmitriki@buffalo.edu
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Le, Minh Quang
</b>
<br/>
Office: 131 Phone: 645-8819
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Email:
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<b>
Leonard, Dakota
</b>
<br/>
Office: 131 Phone: 645-8819
<br/>
Email:
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dl42@buffalo.edu
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<b>
Liao, Chang-Chih
</b>
<br/>
Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Liao, Yanzhan
</b>
<br/>
Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
<br/>
Email:
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yanzhanl@buffalo.edu
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<b>
Liu, Ruodan
</b>
<br/>
Office: 135 Phone: 645-8832
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:rliu8@buffalo.edu">
rliu8@buffalo.edu
</a>
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<b>
Liu,Tianmou
<br/>
</b>
Office: 136 Phone: 645-8821
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:tianmoul@buffalo.edu">
tianmoul@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
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<b>
Liu, Yuan
</b>
<br/>
Office: 135 Phone: 645-8832
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Email:
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<b>
Ma, Ning
<br/>
</b>
Office: 125 Phone: 645-8815
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Ma, Renda
<br/>
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Office: 125 Phone: 645-8815
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Email:
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<b>
Ma, Yuqing
</b>
<br/>
Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Meng, Lingqi
<br/>
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Office: 130 Phone: 645-8818
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:lingqime@buffalo.edu">
lingqime@buffalo.edu
</a>
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<b>
Meyer, Drew
</b>
<br/>
Office: 137 Phone: 645-8822
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:drewmeye@buffalo.edu">
drewmeye@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
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<b>
Montoro, Michael
<br/>
</b>
Office: 126 Phone: 645-8816
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:mnmontor@buffalo.edu">
mnmontor@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>
Moore, Robert
</b>
<br/>
Office: 139 Phone: 645-8824
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:rcmoore@buffalo.edu">
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</a>
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<h2 id="letter_n" onpaste="onPasteFilterPlainText(event)">
N
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<b>
Nguyen, Khanh Truong
</b>
<br/>
Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Peng, Jun
</b>
<br/>
Office: 139 Phone: 645-8824
<b>
<br/>
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Email:
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<b>
Poste, Alex
</b>
<br/>
Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
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Email:
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R
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Rantanen, Matthew
<br/>
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Office: 130 Phone: 645-8818
<br/>
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Rele, Adhish
</b>
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Russell, Madison
</b>
<br/>
Office: 129 Phone: 645-8817
<br/>
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<b>
Rozwood, Bud
<br/>
</b>
Office: 125 Phone: 645-8815
<b>
<br/>
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Sarkar, Sayantan
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Sharma, Abhishek
<br/>
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Office: 126 Phone: 645-8816
<br/>
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Sicuso, Luca
</b>
<br/>
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Solanki, Deepisha
</b>
<br/>
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<b>
Som, Bratati
<br/>
</b>
Office: 132 Phone: 645-8820
<br/>
Email:
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bratatis@buffalo.edu
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<b>
Song, Zhao
<br/>
</b>
Office: 131 Phone: 645-8819
<br/>
Email:
<a href="mailto:zhaosong@buffalo.edu">
zhaosong@buffalo.edu
</a>
</p>
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<b>
Sullivan, Mark
</b>
<br/>
Office: 136 Phone: 645-8821
<br/>
Email:
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<b>
Sun, Yuxun
</b>
<br/>
Office: 137 Phone: 645-8822
<br/>
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<a href="mailto:yuxunsun@buffalo.edu">
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Thongprayoon, Chanon
</b>
<br/>
Office: 125 Phone: 645-8815
<br/>
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Vadnere, Arya Abhijeet
</b>
<br/>
Office: 132 Mathematics Building
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Vinal, Gregory
<br/>
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Office: 126 Phone: 645-8816
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Wang, Shiruo
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Yuan, Cheng
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Office: 137 Phone: 645-8822
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Zhang, Baoming
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Zhao, Bojun
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Office: 140 Phone: 645-8825
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bojunzha@buffalo.edu
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Ziegler, Cameron
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The main content of the web page consists of contact information of math graduate students. Our goal will be to retrieve names of the students listed on the page. Looking at the code above we can see that each student listing is enclosed in the HTML paragraph tag <p>....</p>, e.g:
<p>
<b>
Smith, John
<br/>
</b>
Office: 118 Phone: 645-8880
<br/>
Email: jsmith123@buffalo.edu
</p>
We can use the find_all() method to search for all HTML tags of a given kind. For example, soup.find_all('p') returns a list of all paragraph tags:
[7]:
ptags = soup.find_all('p')
ptags[:10]
[7]:
[<p><b>COVID-19 UPDATES • 3/4/2022</b></p>,
<p>UB is committed to achieving inclusive excellence in a deliberate, intentional and coordinated fashion, embedding it in every aspect of our operations. We aspire to foster a healthy, productive, ethical, fair, and affirming campus community to allow all students, faculty and staff to thrive and realize their full potential. <br/></p>,
<p><a href="#letter_a">A</a> | <a href="#letter_b">B</a> | <a href="#letter_c">C</a> | <a href="#letter_d">D</a> | E | <a href="#letter_f">F</a> | <a href="#letter_g">G</a> | <a href="#letter_h">H</a> | I | <a href="#letter_j">J</a> | <a href="#letter_h">K</a> | <a href="#letter_l">L</a> | <a href="#letter_m">M</a> | <a href="#letter_n">N</a> | <a href="#letter_o">O</a> | <a href="#letter_p">P</a> | Q | <a href="#letter_r">R</a> | <a href="#letter_s">S</a> | <a href="#letter_t">T</a> | <a href="#letter_u">U</a> | <a href="#letter_v">V</a> | <a href="#letter_w">W</a> | <a href="#letter_x">X</a> | <a href="#letter_y">Y</a> | <a href="#letter_z">Z</a></p>,
<p><i>Offices as listed are in the Mathematics Building, North Campus.</i></p>,
<p><b>Abeya Ranasinghe Mudiyanselage, Asela V.</b><br/> Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:aselavir@buffalo.edu">aselavir@buffalo.edu</a></p>,
<p><b>Ahn, Min Woong</b><br/> Office: 126 Phone: 645-8816<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:minwoong@buffalo.edu">minwoong@buffalo.edu</a></p>,
<p><b>Alegria, Linda</b><br/> Office: 138 Phone: 645-8823<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:lindaale@buffalo.edu">lindaale@buffalo.edu</a><br/></p>,
<p><b>Betz, Katherine</b><br/> Office: 132 Phone: 645-8820<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:kbetz2@buffalo.edu">kbetz2@buffalo.edu</a></p>,
<p><b>Bhaumik, Jnanajyoti</b><br/> Office: 129 Mathematics Building<br/> Phone: 645-8817<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:jnanajyo@buffalo.edu">jnanajyo@buffalo.edu</a></p>,
<p> </p>]
Some items on the list (e.g. the first one) do not contain relevant information, but most of them are paragraphs with student data:
[10]:
ptags[11]
[10]:
<p><b>Casper, Michael<br/> </b> Office: 222 Phone: 645-8779<br/> Email: <a href="mailto:mjcasper@buffalo.edu">mjcasper@buffalo.edu</a></p>
Inside a paragraph tag the name of a student is enclosed in the tag <b>....</b>indicating boldface text. We could use the find_all() method again to search for boldface tags in a paragraph, but in this example we can use the find() method as well. It returns the first occurrence of a given tag:
[11]:
print(ptags[11].find('b'))
<b>Casper, Michael<br/> </b>
The method find() returns None if the specified tag is not found. We can use this to filter out paragraphs which do not contain student names:
[13]:
# this paragraph gives the address of the Math Department
ptags[-2]
[13]:
<p>244 Mathematics Building<br/> Buffalo, NY 14260-2900<br/> Phone: (716) 645-6284<br/> Fax: (716) 645-5039</p>
[15]:
print(ptags[-2].find('b'))
None
The get_text() method returns text contained in a specified HTML element:
[16]:
name = ptags[11].find('b')
name.get_text()
[16]:
'Casper, Michael '
Applying this to the list of paragraph tags with student data, we can extract names of all students:
[20]:
for p in ptags[:10]:
name = p.find('b')
if name is not None: # skip paragraphs with no b-tags
print(name.get_text())
Abeya Ranasinghe Mudiyanselage, Asela V.
Ahn, Min Woong
Alegria, Linda
Betz, Katherine
Bhaumik, Jnanajyoti
Links¶
Links in HTML documents are defined by the <a> tag. For example:
<a href="https://www.buffalo.edu">University at Buffalo</a>
will be displayed in a web browser as University at Buffalo. The href attribute specifies the address of the link destination, and the text between <a> and </a> is the visible text of the link.
Using Beautiful Soup we find links in the graduate student directory web page:
[21]:
grad_links = soup.find_all('a')
grad_links[:10] # show the first 10 links
[21]:
[<a href="#skip-to-content" id="skip-to-content-link">Skip to Content</a>,
<a href="http://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/">College of Arts and Sciences</a>,
<a href="//www.buffalo.edu">UB Home</a>,
<a href="//www.buffalo.edu/maps">Maps</a>,
<a href="//www.buffalo.edu/directory/">UB Directory</a>,
<a href="//www.buffalo.edu"> <i class="icon icon-ub-logo"></i><span class="ada-hidden">University at Buffalo</span> <span class="logo"> <img alt="" class="black" height="20" src="/v-be9166b6b4a1ea7e5771e2eba1d410cf/etc.clientlibs/wci/components/block/header/clientlibs/resources/ub-logo-black.png" width="181"/> </span> </a>,
<a class="title" href="/cas/math.html">Department of Mathematics</a>,
<a href="http://www.buffalo.edu/ub_admissions/apply-now.html" target="_blank"> Apply to UB </a>,
<a href="http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/about-us/contact-us.html"> Contact Us </a>,
<a href="https://ubfoundation.buffalo.edu/giving/?gift_allocation=01-3-0-01240" target="_blank"> Support UB Math </a>]
Beautiful Soup lets us easily access attributes of any tag:
[22]:
link = grad_links[7]
link
[22]:
<a href="http://www.buffalo.edu/ub_admissions/apply-now.html" target="_blank"> Apply to UB </a>
[23]:
link.attrs # get a dictionary of attributes of a tag
[23]:
{'href': 'http://www.buffalo.edu/ub_admissions/apply-now.html',
'target': '_blank'}
[24]:
link['href'] # get the value of the 'href' attribute
[24]:
'http://www.buffalo.edu/ub_admissions/apply-now.html'
Link formats¶
Notice that links addresses can be given in several different formats.
An absolute link, with the whole address of the destination:
[25]:
grad_links[1]
[25]:
<a href="http://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/">College of Arts and Sciences</a>
Also an absolute link, but the without the http: part:
[26]:
grad_links[2]
[26]:
<a href="//www.buffalo.edu">UB Home</a>
A local link, omitting the http://www.buffalo.edu part:
[27]:
grad_links[6]
[27]:
<a class="title" href="/cas/math.html">Department of Mathematics</a>
An anchor, which links to a specific part of the same page where the link is located. The full address would be http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/people/grad-directory.html#letter_a:
[32]:
grad_links[118]
[32]:
<a href="#letter_a">A</a>
Images¶
Images in HTML documents are defined using the <img> tag:
[61]:
image = soup.find_all('img')
img = image[1]
img
[61]:
<img alt="Diversity, Equity, and Inclusive Excellence Resources. " class="img-209 img-209x131 cq-dd-image" height="131" src="/content/cas/math/people/_jcr_content/leftcol/flexmodule.img.209.131.png/1607108331977.png" srcset="/content/cas/math/people/jcr:content/leftcol/flexmodule.img.418.262.q65.png/1607108331977.png 2x" width="209"/>
Similarly as with links, each image tag has a src attribute which gives the address where the image file is located.
[62]:
img['src']
[62]:
'/content/cas/math/people/_jcr_content/leftcol/flexmodule.img.209.131.png/1607108331977.png'
We can use requests to download the image file, and IPython.display to display it:
[63]:
picture = requests.get('http://www.buffalo.edu' + img['src']).content
with open("ub_logo.png", 'wb') as f:
f.write(picture)
from IPython.display import Image
Image("ub_logo.png", width="50%")
[63]:
Tables¶
Here is an example of an HTML code defining a simple table:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Item</th>
<th>Quantity</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tomatoes</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>$3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Apples</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>$4.50</td>
</tr>
</table>
The whole table is enclosed in the
<table>tag.Each table row is defined by the
<tr>tag.Items in the row with table headers are enclosed in the
<th>tag.Data in all other rows is specified using the
<td>tag.
Here is the address of a page which shows the table produced by the above code:
https://www.mth548.org/_static/table.html
[39]:
table_url = "https://www.mth548.org/_static/table.html"
IPython.display.IFrame(table_url, width=700, height=85)
[39]:
Let say that we want to use Beautiful Soup to find the quantity and price of apples on the page with the table. First, we get the page content:
[40]:
page = requests.get(table_url).text
table_soup = BeautifulSoup(page)
Next, we find the table tag. Since the page contains only one table, the find() method can be used for this:
[41]:
table = table_soup.find('table')
table
[41]:
<table style="width: 40%; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tr>
<th>Item</th>
<th>Quantity</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tomatoes</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>$3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Apples</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>$4.50</td>
</tr>
</table>
We can find the cell of the table which contains the string “Apples” as follows:
[42]:
for cell in table.find_all('td'):
if "Apples" in cell.get_text():
apples_cell = cell
break
apples_cell
[42]:
<td>Apples</td>
We are interested in the cell appearing immediately after apples_cell (for quantity), and the one after that (for price). The method find_next() comes useful here. It searches for the first occurrence of a tag of a specified kind after a given tag:
[43]:
apples_cell.find_next('td') # find the first 'td' tag appearing after apples_cell
[43]:
<td>10</td>
We can chain find_next() to search for subsequent tags:
[44]:
apples_cell.find_next('td').find_next('td') # find the second 'td' tag appearing after apples_cell
[44]:
<td>$4.50</td>